Latent Environmental & Genetic InTeraction (LEGIT) modelling

Note that you can cite this work as:

Jolicoeur-Martineau, A., Wazana, A., Szekely, E., Steiner, M., Fleming, A. S., Kennedy, J. L., Meaney M. J. & Greenwood, C.M. (2017). Alternating optimization for GxE modelling with weighted genetic and environmental scores: examples from the MAVAN study. arXiv preprint arXiv:1703.08111.

The LEGIT model

The Latent Environmental & Genetic InTeraction (LEGIT) model is an interaction model with two latent variables: g a weighted sum of genetic variants (genetic score) and e a weighted sum of environmental variables (environmental score).

Assuming g₁,…,g_k are k genetic variants of interest, generally represented as the number of dominant alleles (0, 1, 2) or the absence or presence of a dominant allele (0, 1) and e₁,…,e_s are s environments of interest, generally represented as ordinal scores (0, 1, 2 …) or continuous variables. We define the genetic score g and environmental score e as:

$$\mathbf{g}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} p_i \mathbf{g}_j $$ $$\mathbf{e}=\sum_{l=1}^{s} q_l \mathbf{e}_l $$ where $\|p\|_1=\sum_{i=1}^{k}p_j=1$ and $\|q\|_1= \sum_{l=1}^{s}q_l=1$. The weights can be interpreted as the relative contributions of each genetic variant or environment.

The weights of these scores are estimated within a generalized linear model of the form :

E[y] = g⁻¹(f(g, e, X|β) + X_covsβ_covs) where g is the link function, f is a linear function between g, e and other variables from the matrix X and X_covs is a matrix of additionnal covariates.

Although this approach was originally made for GxE modelling, it is flexible and does not require the use of genetic and environmental variables. It can also handle more than 2 latent variables (rather than just G and E) and 3-way interactions or more.

For a two-way G × E model, we would define f as:

f(g, e, X|β) = β₀ + β_ee + β_gg + β_egeg

For a three-way G × E × Z model, we would define f as:

f(g, e, X|β) = β₀ + β_ee + β_gg + β_zz + β_egeg + β_ezez + β_zgzg + β_egzegz

Examples of LEGIT models

Here is an example with 2 latent variables and a 2-way interaction (see arxiv) :

Here is an example with 3 latent variables and a 3-way interaction (see arxiv) :

Algorithm

Full details of the algorithm are available on arXiv.

Implementation

In the LEGIT package, we include the following functions:

To fit a LEGIT model with 2 latent variables (G and E)

LEGIT: Fits a LEGIT model
plot.LEGIT: Plot function for LEGIT models.
predict.LEGIT: Predictions of LEGIT fits.
summary.LEGIT: Summarizing LEGIT fits.
LEGIT_cv: Uses cross-validation on a LEGIT model.
stepwise_search: Adds the best variable or drops the worst variable one at a time in the genetic or environmental score of a LEGIT model.
GxE_interaction_test: Testing of the GxE interaction, a method adapted from Belsky, Pluess et Widaman (2013). Reports the different hypotheses (diathesis-stress/vantage-sensitivity vs differential susceptibility), assuming or not assuming a main effect for E (WEAK vs STRONG) using the LEGIT model.

To fit a IMLEGIT model (LEGIT model with more than 2 latent variables)

IMLEGIT: Fits a IMLEGIT model.
predict.IMLEGIT: Predictions of IMLEGIT fits.
summary.IMLEGIT: Summarizing IMLEGIT fits.
IMLEGIT_cv: Uses cross-validation on a IMLEGIT model.
stepwise_search_IM: Adds the best variable or drops the worst variable one at a time in the genetic or environmental score of a IMLEGIT model.
bootstrap_var_select: Creates bootstrap samples, run stepwise search on all of them and then report the percentage of times that each variables were selected.
genetic_var_select: Parallel genetic algorithm variable selection.

To simulate examples of GxE models

example_2way: Simulated example of a 2 way interaction GxE model (where G and E are latent variables).
example_3way: Simulated example of a 3 way interaction GxExz model (where G and E are latent variables).
example_3way_3latent: Simulated example of a 3 way interaction GxExZ model (where G, E and Z are latent variables).
example_with_crossover: Simulated example of a 2 way interaction GxE model with cross-over point (where G and E are latent variables).

Others

longitudinal_folds: Function to create folds adequately for longitudinal datasets by forcing every observation with the same id to be in the same fold. Can be used with LEGIT_cv to make sure that the cross-validation folds are appropriate when using longitudinal data.

Notes

Interactions inside the genetic and environmental scores must be manually coded as new variables (ex: g1, g2, g1_g2 where g1_g2=g1*g2).
Default starting point is set to 1/k for each of the genetic variants and 1/s for each of the environmental variables.
Only local convergence is guaranteed, therefore it is recommended to try different starting points.

How to use the LEGIT package: Example 1

Let’s look at a three-way interaction model with continuous outcome:

$$\mathbf{g}_j \sim Binomial(n=1,p=.30) \\ j = 1, 2, 3, 4$$ $$\mathbf{e}_l \sim Normal(\mu=0,\sigma=1.5) \\ l = 1, 2, 3$$ z ∼ Normal(μ = 3, σ = 1) g = .2g₁ + .15g₂ − .3g₃ + .1g₄ + .05g₁g₃ + .2g₂g₃ e = −.45e₁ + .35e₂ + .2e₃ μ = −2 + 2g + 3e + z + 5ge + 2gz − 1.5ez + 2gez y ∼ Normal(μ, σ = 1)

Let’s load the package and look at the dataset.

library(LEGIT)
example_3way(N=5, sigma=1, logit=FALSE, seed=7)

## $data
##             y     y_true        z
## 1  3.80723699 4.67808801 3.184193
## 2  7.96819988 7.24948932 3.752280
## 3  4.49051121 4.37985833 3.591745
## 4 -0.01796159 0.06050518 2.016947
## 5  0.71520307 1.13569353 2.723936
## 
## $G
##   g1 g2 g3 g4 g1_g3 g2_g3
## 1  1  1  0  0     0     0
## 2  0  0  0  0     0     0
## 3  0  1  1  0     0     1
## 4  0  0  0  1     0     0
## 5  0  0  0  0     0     0
## 
## $E
##          e1           e2        e3
## 1 0.5354793  0.701520767  1.259626
## 2 4.0751277 -1.340701085  1.058013
## 3 3.4221779 -0.460992449  1.958947
## 4 0.4860308 -0.007233633 -2.081994
## 5 2.8441006  1.482246224  1.909375
## 
## $coef_G
## [1]  0.20  0.15 -0.30  0.10  0.05  0.20
## 
## $coef_E
## [1] -0.45  0.35  0.20
## 
## $coef_main
## [1] -2.0  2.0  3.0  1.0  5.0 -1.5  2.0  2.0

Currently “data” contains the outcome, the true outcome without the noise and the covariate z. This dataset should always contain the outcome and all covariates (except for the genes and environments from g and e).”G” contains the genetic variants and “E” contains the environments. This is all you need to fit a LEGIT model.

We generate N=250 training observations and 100 test observations.

train = example_3way(N=250, sigma=1, logit=FALSE, seed=7)
test = example_3way(N=100, sigma=1, logit=FALSE, seed=6)

We fit the model with the default starting point.

fit_default = LEGIT(train$data, train$G, train$E, y ~ G*E*z)

## Converged in 11 iterations

summary(fit_default)

## $fit_main
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula, family = family, data = data, model = FALSE, 
##     y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-7 not defined because of singularities)
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) -1.77075    0.22342  -7.926 9.09e-14 ***
## G            0.15934    1.12858   0.141    0.888    
## E           -2.86208    0.27217 -10.516  < 2e-16 ***
## z            0.94193    0.06704  14.050  < 2e-16 ***
## G:E         -5.69624    1.38253  -4.120 5.25e-05 ***
## G:z          2.61973    0.34190   7.662 4.77e-13 ***
## E:z          1.43411    0.07991  17.947  < 2e-16 ***
## G:E:z       -1.82548    0.41205  -4.430 1.44e-05 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.065046)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2414.03  on 249  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  250.29  on 235  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 741.75
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2
## 
## 
## $fit_genes
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_b, family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-9 not defined because of singularities)
##       Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## g1     0.18333    0.01051  17.447  < 2e-16 ***
## g2     0.15867    0.01422  11.156  < 2e-16 ***
## g3    -0.29336    0.01269 -23.115  < 2e-16 ***
## g4     0.09770    0.01090   8.966  < 2e-16 ***
## g1_g3  0.06273    0.02247   2.791  0.00568 ** 
## g2_g3  0.20421    0.02329   8.770 3.68e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.06503)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2414.03  on 250  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  250.28  on 235  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 741.75
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2
## 
## 
## $fit_env
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_c, family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-12 not defined because of singularities)
##    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## e1  0.43440    0.01486   29.24   <2e-16 ***
## e2 -0.35307    0.01756  -20.11   <2e-16 ***
## e3 -0.21253    0.01614  -13.17   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.065045)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2414.03  on 250  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  250.29  on 235  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 741.75
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2

This is very close to the original model. We can now use the test dataset to find the validation R².

ssres = sum((test$data$y - predict(fit_default, test$data, test$G, test$E))^2)
sstotal = sum((test$data$y - mean(test$data$y))^2)
R2 = 1 - ssres/sstotal
R2

## [1] 0.8809351

We can also plot the model at specific values of z.

cov_values = c(3)
names(cov_values) = "z"
plot(fit_default, cov_values = cov_values,cex.leg=1.4, cex.axis=1.5, cex.lab=1.5)

Now, let’s see what happens if we introduce variables that are not in the model. Let’s add these irrelevant genetic variants:

$$\mathbf{g'}_b \sim Binomial(n=1,p=.30) \\ b = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$$

g1_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g2_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g3_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g4_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g5_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
train$G = cbind(train$G, g1_bad, g2_bad, g3_bad, g4_bad, g5_bad)

Let’s do a forward search of the genetic variants using the BIC and see if we can recover the right subset of variables.

forward_genes_BIC = stepwise_search(train$data, genes_extra=train$G, env_original=train$E, formula=y ~ E*G*z, search_type="forward", search="genes", search_criterion="BIC", interactive_mode=FALSE)

## Keeping only variables with p-values smaller than 0.2 and which inclusion decrease the AIC
## Forward search of the genes to find the model with the lowest BIC
## 
## [Iteration: 1]
## Adding gene: g3 (Criterion before = Inf; after = 1125.42059)
## [Iteration: 2]
## Adding gene: g2 (Criterion before = 1125.42059; after = 1042.75045)
## [Iteration: 3]
## Adding gene: g1 (Criterion before = 1042.75045; after = 888.44286)
## [Iteration: 4]
## Adding gene: g4 (Criterion before = 888.44286; after = 846.44854)
## [Iteration: 5]
## Adding gene: g2_g3 (Criterion before = 846.44854; after = 799.55835)
## [Iteration: 6]
## Adding gene: g1_g3 (Criterion before = 799.55835; after = 798.62631)
## [Iteration: 7]
## No gene added

We recovered the right subset! Now what if we did a backward search using the AIC?

backward_genes_AIC = stepwise_search(train$data, genes_original=train$G, env_original=train$E, formula=y ~ E*G*z, search_type="backward", search="genes", search_criterion="AIC", interactive_mode=FALSE)

## Dropping only variables with p-values bigger than 0.01 and which removal decrease the AIC
## Backward search of the genes to find the model with the lowest AIC
## 
## [Iteration: 1]
## Removing gene: g3_bad (Criterion before = 749.77592; after = 747.50098)
## [Iteration: 2]
## Removing gene: g5_bad (Criterion before = 747.50098; after = 745.40215)
## [Iteration: 3]
## Removing gene: g4_bad (Criterion before = 745.40215; after = 743.57487)
## [Iteration: 4]
## Removing gene: g1_bad (Criterion before = 743.57487; after = 741.8472)
## [Iteration: 5]
## Removing gene: g2_bad (Criterion before = 741.8472; after = 741.75015)
## [Iteration: 6]
## No gene removed

We deleted the irrevelant genes and obtained the right subset of variables! The stepwise_search function also has an interactive mode where the user decides which variable should be added/dropped at every step. We can only show the first iteration because the algorithm does’nt receive an input from the user in the vignette but normally you can control the variables added or removed from the stepwise search. This is what the interactive mode looks like:

forward_genes_BIC = stepwise_search(train$data, genes_extra=train$G, env_original=train$E, formula=y ~ E*G*z, search_type="bidirectional-forward", search="genes", search_criterion="BIC", interactive_mode=TRUE)

## <<~ Interative mode enabled ~>>
## Keeping only variables with p-values smaller than 0.2 and which inclusion decrease the AIC
## Dropping only variables with p-values bigger than 0.01 and which removal decrease the AIC
## Bidirectional search of the genes to find the model with the lowest BIC
## 
## [Iteration: 1]
##   variable N_old N_new p_value AIC_old  AIC_new AICc_old AICc_new BIC_old
## 1       g3    NA   250 0.00000     Inf 1086.685      Inf 1087.794     Inf
## 2       g1    NA   250 0.00000     Inf 1093.552      Inf 1094.661     Inf
## 3       g2    NA   250 0.00000     Inf 1135.100      Inf 1136.209     Inf
## 4   g1_bad    NA   250 0.00000     Inf 1155.719      Inf 1156.828     Inf
## 5       g4    NA   250 0.00013     Inf 1164.285      Inf 1165.394     Inf
##    BIC_new
## 1 1125.421
## 2 1132.288
## 3 1173.836
## 4 1194.455
## 5 1203.021
## Enter the index of the gene to be added: 
## No gene added

Manually forcing g₃ inclusion since the interactive mode cannot progress without a user, we get that the second iteration is:

forward_genes_BIC = stepwise_search(train$data, genes_original=train$G[,3,drop=FALSE], genes_extra=train$G[,-3], env_original=train$E, formula=y ~ E*G*z, search_type="bidirectional-forward", search="genes", search_criterion="BIC", interactive_mode=TRUE)

## <<~ Interative mode enabled ~>>
## Keeping only variables with p-values smaller than 0.2 and which inclusion decrease the AIC
## Dropping only variables with p-values bigger than 0.01 and which removal decrease the AIC
## Bidirectional search of the genes to find the model with the lowest BIC
## 
## [Iteration: 1]
##   variable N_old N_new  p_value  AIC_old  AIC_new AICc_old AICc_new  BIC_old
## 1       g2   250   250 0.000000 1086.685 1000.493 1087.794 1001.809 1125.421
## 2    g2_g3   250   250 0.000000 1086.685 1006.253 1087.794 1007.570 1125.421
## 3       g1   250   250 0.000000 1086.685 1013.285 1087.794 1014.601 1125.421
## 4    g1_g3   250   250 0.000002 1086.685 1068.051 1087.794 1069.367 1125.421
## 5       g4   250   250 0.012411 1086.685 1084.133 1087.794 1085.450 1125.421
##    BIC_new
## 1 1042.750
## 2 1048.511
## 3 1055.542
## 4 1110.308
## 5 1126.391
## Enter the index of the gene to be added: 
## No gene added

With the interactive mode, you can try alternative pathways, rather than simply adding/dropping the best/worst variable everytime.

How to use the LEGIT package: Example 2

Let’s take a quick look at a simple two-way example with binary outcome:

$$\mathbf{g}_j \sim Binomial(n=1,p=.30) \\ j = 1, 2, 3, 4$$ $$\mathbf{e}_l \sim Normal(\mu=0,\sigma=1.5) \\ l = 1, 2, 3$$ g = .2g₁ + .15g₂ − .3g₃ + .1g₄ + .05g₁g₃ + .2g₂g₃ e = −.45e₁ + .35e₂ + .2e₃ μ = −1 + 2g + 3e + 4ge y ∼ Binomial(n = 1, p = logit(μ))

We generate N=1000 training observations.

library(LEGIT)
train = example_2way(N=1000, logit=TRUE, seed=777)

We fit the model with the default starting point.

fit_default = LEGIT(train$data, train$G, train$E, y ~ G*E, family=binomial)

## Converged in 6 iterations

summary(fit_default)

## $fit_main
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula, family = family, data = data, model = FALSE, 
##     y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-7 not defined because of singularities)
##             Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## (Intercept)  -0.9892     0.1065  -9.293  < 2e-16 ***
## G             2.0863     0.6747   3.092 0.001989 ** 
## E             3.2313     0.2148  15.042  < 2e-16 ***
## G:E           4.3265     1.1960   3.617 0.000298 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 1351.50  on 999  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  692.69  on 989  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 714.69
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 6
## 
## 
## $fit_genes
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_b, family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-5 not defined because of singularities)
##       Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## g1     0.12059    0.07512   1.605  0.10842    
## g2     0.08314    0.06927   1.200  0.23005    
## g3    -0.28041    0.05142  -5.454 4.94e-08 ***
## g4     0.02208    0.05359   0.412  0.68030    
## g1_g3  0.06894    0.12845   0.537  0.59146    
## g2_g3  0.42484    0.15154   2.804  0.00505 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 1351.50  on 1000  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  692.69  on  989  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 714.69
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 6
## 
## 
## $fit_env
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_c, family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-8 not defined because of singularities)
##    Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)    
## e1 -0.43085    0.02905 -14.832   <2e-16 ***
## e2  0.35751    0.02613  13.681   <2e-16 ***
## e3  0.21164    0.02156   9.814   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for binomial family taken to be 1)
## 
##     Null deviance: 1351.50  on 1000  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  692.69  on  989  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 714.69
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 6

We are a little off, especially with regards to the weights of the genetic variants. This is because there is substantial loss of information with binary outcomes. To assess the quality of the fit, we are going to do a 5-Folds cross-validation.

cv_5folds_bin = LEGIT_cv(train$data, train$G, train$E, y ~ G*E, cv_iter=1, cv_folds=5, classification=TRUE, family=binomial, seed=777)
pROC::plot.roc(cv_5folds_bin$roc_curve[[1]])

Although the weights of the genetic variants are a bit off, the model predictive power is good.

We can also plot the model.

plot(fit_default, cex.leg=1.4, cex.axis=1.5, cex.lab=1.5)

How to use the LEGIT package: Example 3

In example 1 we looked at a 3-way model but only two of the three variables were latent. Let’s construct the model another time but this time with three latent variables:

$$\mathbf{g}_j \sim Binomial(n=1,p=.30) \\ j = 1, 2, 3, 4$$ $$\mathbf{e}_l \sim Normal(\mu=0,\sigma=1.5) \\ l = 1, 2, 3$$ z_t ∼ Normal(μ = 3, σ = 1) g = .2g₁ + .15g₂ − .3g₃ + .1g₄ + .05g₁g₃ + .2g₂g₃ e = −.45e₁ + .35e₂ + .2e₃ z = .15z₁ + .60z₂ + .25z₃ μ = −2 + 2g + 3e + z + 5ge + 2gz − 1.5ez + 2gez y ∼ Normal(μ, σ = 1)

Let’s load the package and look at the dataset.

library(LEGIT)
example_3way_3latent(N=5, sigma=1, logit=FALSE, seed=7)

## $data
##           y   y_true
## 1 4.6022635 3.383713
## 2 6.5474680 7.246785
## 3 2.5382622 2.823695
## 4 0.2960498 1.607602
## 5 0.6674754 1.058488
## 
## $latent_var
## $latent_var$G
##   g1 g2 g3 g4 g1_g3 g2_g3
## 1  1  1  0  0     0     0
## 2  0  0  0  0     0     0
## 3  0  1  1  0     0     1
## 4  0  0  0  1     0     0
## 5  0  0  0  0     0     0
## 
## $latent_var$E
##          e1           e2        e3
## 1 0.5354793  0.701520767  1.259626
## 2 4.0751277 -1.340701085  1.058013
## 3 3.4221779 -0.460992449  1.958947
## 4 0.4860308 -0.007233633 -2.081994
## 5 2.8441006  1.482246224  1.909375
## 
## $latent_var$Z
##         z1       z2       z3
## 1 3.184193 2.129149 2.437874
## 2 3.752280 3.718711 3.997513
## 3 3.591745 3.110653 1.894870
## 4 2.016947 2.921533 2.857712
## 5 2.723936 2.579510 3.314995
## 
## 
## $coef_G
## [1]  0.20  0.15 -0.30  0.10  0.05  0.20
## 
## $coef_E
## [1] -0.45  0.35  0.20
## 
## $coef_Z
## [1] 0.15 0.75 0.10
## 
## $coef_main
## [1] -2.0  2.0  3.0  1.0  5.0 -1.5  2.0  2.0

Currently “data” contains the outcome and the true outcome without the noise. This dataset should always contain the outcome and all covariates not included in latent_var.The latent variables are called “G”, “E” and “Z” respectively.

We generate N=250 training observations.

train = example_3way_3latent(N=250, sigma=1, logit=FALSE, seed=7)

We fit the model with the default starting point.

fit_default = IMLEGIT(train$data, train$latent_var, y ~ G*E*Z)

## Converged in 9 iterations

summary(fit_default)

## $fit_main
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula, family = family, data = data, model = FALSE, 
##     y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-9 not defined because of singularities)
##             Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## (Intercept) -1.73742    0.28854  -6.021 6.67e-09 ***
## G            3.69821    1.44085   2.567 0.010894 *  
## E           -2.88702    0.35440  -8.146 2.29e-14 ***
## Z            0.93184    0.09084  10.258  < 2e-16 ***
## G:E         -6.43857    1.73999  -3.700 0.000269 ***
## G:Z          1.50043    0.45407   3.304 0.001102 ** 
## E:Z          1.41024    0.11155  12.643  < 2e-16 ***
## G:E:Z       -1.87914    0.56505  -3.326 0.001025 ** 
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.072187)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2042.53  on 249  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  249.82  on 233  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 745.29
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2
## 
## 
## $fit_G
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_step[[i]], family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-11 not defined because of singularities)
##       Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## g1     0.18509    0.01039  17.806  < 2e-16 ***
## g2     0.13924    0.01288  10.808  < 2e-16 ***
## g3    -0.30681    0.01308 -23.456  < 2e-16 ***
## g4     0.09764    0.01067   9.154  < 2e-16 ***
## g1_g3  0.06429    0.02208   2.912  0.00394 ** 
## g2_g3  0.20693    0.02253   9.184  < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.072171)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2042.53  on 250  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  249.82  on 233  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 745.29
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2
## 
## 
## $fit_E
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_step[[i]], family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-14 not defined because of singularities)
##    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## e1  0.46366    0.01715   27.04   <2e-16 ***
## e2 -0.36535    0.01861  -19.63   <2e-16 ***
## e3 -0.17098    0.01612  -10.61   <2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.072175)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2042.53  on 250  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  249.82  on 233  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 745.29
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2
## 
## 
## $fit_Z
## 
## Call:
## stats::glm(formula = formula_step[[i]], family = family, data = data, 
##     model = FALSE, y = FALSE)
## 
## Coefficients: (-14 not defined because of singularities)
##    Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)    
## z1  0.11464    0.03060   3.747 0.000226 ***
## z2  0.73843    0.03279  22.522  < 2e-16 ***
## z3  0.14692    0.03185   4.613 6.56e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## (Dispersion parameter for gaussian family taken to be 1.072175)
## 
##     Null deviance: 2042.53  on 250  degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance:  249.82  on 233  degrees of freedom
## AIC: 745.29
## 
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 2

Let’s add irrelevant genes and try a forward search as before. Note that search = 1 means that we will search for the first latent variable which is “G”. We could also set search = 0 to search through all latent variables.

$$\mathbf{g'}_b \sim Binomial(n=1,p=.30) \\ b = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5$$

g1_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g2_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g3_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g4_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
g5_bad = rbinom(250,1,.30)
G_new = cbind(g1_bad, g2_bad, g3_bad, g4_bad, g5_bad)
forward_genes_BIC = stepwise_search_IM(train$data, latent_var_original=train$latent_var, latent_var_extra=list(G=G_new, E=NULL, Z=NULL), formula=y ~ E*G*Z, search_type="forward", search=1, search_criterion="BIC", interactive_mode=FALSE)

## Keeping only variables with p-values smaller than 0.2 and which inclusion decrease the AIC
## Forward search of the elements from G to find the model with the lowest BIC
## 
## [Iteration: 1]
## No element from G was added

We didn’t add any irrelevant genes.